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1. hash functions

   strings digests

   MD5

   $ echo "asd" | md5
   e07910a06a086c83ba41827aa00b26ed
   

   now without digesting the trailing NUL

   $ md5 -s "asd"
   MD5 ("asd") = 7815696ecbf1c96e6894b779456d330e
   

   SHA

   $ echo "asd" | shasum -a 256
   dc460da4ad72c482231e28e688e01f2778a88ce31a08826899d54ef7183998b5  -
   

   -a may be 1 (default), 224, 256, 384, 512

   files digests

   $ echo "asd" > asd.txt
   

   MD5

   $ openssl dgst -md5 asd.txt
   MD5(asd.txt)= e07910a06a086c83ba41827aa00b26ed
   

   SHA

   $ openssl dgst -sha256 asd.txt
   SHA256(asd.txt)= dc460da4ad72c482231e28e688e01f2778a88ce31a08826899d54ef7183998b5